A matsayinsa na "zuciyar" na na'urar canza wutar lantarki, zuciyar ƙarfe tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sauya makamashin lantarki. Ba wai kawai tana shafar aikin ingantaccen makamashi na na'urorin canza wutar lantarki ba, har ma tana da alaƙa kai tsaye da girma, nauyi, da amincin aiki na kayan aiki. Juyin halittar kayan ƙarfe na tsakiya, daga ƙarfe mai tsabta na masana'antu zuwa ƙarfe mara tsari a yau, ya shaida ci gaban fasahar na'urar canza wutar lantarki.
Aikin asali da buƙatun aiki na core ɗin ƙarfe
Babban aikin cibiyar na'urar na'ura mai canza wutar lantarki shine samar da ingantaccen da'irar maganadisu, wanda ke ba da damar watsa makamashin lantarki tsakanin da'irori daban-daban ta hanyar ka'idar shigar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar lantarki. Aikin cibiyar na'ura mai canza wutar lantarki yana shafar alamun fasaha da tattalin arziki na cibiyar na'ura mai canza wutar lantarki kai tsaye. Abubuwan da ake buƙata na kayan cibiyar na'ura mai canza wutar lantarki sune: ƙarancin asarar da'irar ƙarfe a wani mita da yawan kwararar maganadisu, da kuma yawan kwararar maganadisu a wani ƙarfin filin maganadisu.
Asarar zuciyar ta ƙunshi sassa biyu: asarar hysteresis da asarar eddy current. Asarar hysteresis tana da alaƙa da wahalar maganadisu na abu, yayin da asarar eddy current ke faruwa ne sakamakon kwararar wutar da ke yawo ta hanyar canjin kwararar maganadisu a cikin zuciyar ƙarfe. Don rage waɗannan asarar, kayan ƙarfe masu kyau yakamata su sami juriya mai ƙarfi ta lantarki, ƙarfin maganadisu mai yawa, da ƙarancin ƙarfi.
Tsarin juyin halitta na kayan ƙarfe na tsakiya
Ci gaban kayan aikin transformer core ya shiga cikin dogon tafiya mai ban sha'awa. Tsarin transformer na farko ya yi amfani da wayar ƙarfe ta carbon ko ƙarfe na carbon a matsayin kayan maganadisu. A shekarar 1885, masana'antar Gunz da ke Hungary ta ƙirƙiro na'urar transformer ta farko mai matakai ɗaya tare da da'irar maganadisu a rufe, kuma an yi na'urar ƙarfe ta da wannan nau'in kayan.
A shekarar 1900, RA Hadfield, wani ɗan Ingila, da sauransu sun gano cewa ƙara silicon a cikin ƙarfe mai laushi na iya inganta juriya, rage asarar eddy current da hysteresis, da kuma rage abin da ke haifar da "tsufa ta tsakiya". A shekarar 1903, Amurka da Jamus suka fara samar da zanen ƙarfe na silicon mai zafi, wanda ya nuna farkon zamanin zanen ƙarfe na silicon.
Takardun ƙarfe na silicon masu zafi suna da matsaloli kamar rashin aiki daidai gwargwado da kuma asara mai yawa. A shekarun 1930, an sami ci gaba a fasahar zanen ƙarfe na silicon mai sanyi. A shekarar 1933, Gauss ya yi amfani da hanyoyi biyu na birgima da kuma annealing don samar da ƙarfe 3% Si tare da manyan halayen maganadisu a kan hanyar birgima. A shekarar 1935, Kamfanin Armco Steel Company na Amurka ya yi haɗin gwiwa da Kamfanin Westinghouse don fara samar da ƙarfe na silicon mai sanyi.
Bayan shekarun 1960, manyan ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu sun daina samar da zanen ƙarfe na silicon mai zafi a hankali, suka koma ga zanen ƙarfe na silicon mai sanyi a cikin kwano mai inganci. A shekarar 1964, Kamfanin Nippon Steel Corporation na Japan ya ƙirƙiro zanen ƙarfe na silicon mai ƙarfi a cikin kwano mai sanyi a cikin kwano (Hi-B steel), wanda hakan ya ƙara rage asarar na'urorin transformers marasa nauyi.
A shekarun 1970, kayan ƙarfe marasa tsari sun fara bayyana a fagen tarihi. A shekarar 1974, Kamfanin United Microelectronics ya ƙirƙiro ƙarfe marasa tsari marasa tsari, kuma a shekarar 1978, Amurka ta ƙirƙiro ƙarfe marasa tsari marasa tsari marasa tsari waɗanda girmansu ya kai 10KVA. Wannan sabon nau'in kayan yana da halayyar ƙarancin asarar ƙarfe, kawai 1/3-1/5 na zanen ƙarfe na silicon na gargajiya, wanda ya buɗe sabon zamani na adana makamashi ga masu canza wutar lantarki.
Babban nau'ikan da halaye na kayan ƙarfe na tsakiya
takardar karfe ta silicon
Takardar ƙarfe ta silicon wani abu ne mai laushi na ƙarfe mai silikon ƙarfe mai ƙarancin sinadarin carbon, gabaɗaya yana da sinadarin silicon na 0.5-4.5%. Ƙara silicon na iya ƙara juriyar lantarki da kuma ƙarfin ƙarfin maganadisu na ƙarfe, rage ƙarfin aiki, asarar zuciya, da tsufan maganadisu. Za a iya raba zanen ƙarfe na silicon zuwa rukuni biyu: na'urar birgima mai zafi da na'urar birgima mai sanyi, tare da na'urar birgima mai sanyi zuwa nau'ikan da aka mayar da hankali da waɗanda ba a mayar da hankali ba.
Takardar ƙarfe mai launin ruwan sanyi da ba ta da tsari, tana nufin wani ƙarfe mai girman 0.5% ~ 4.0% (Si+Al), wanda aka naɗe shi da sanyi zuwa 0.65mm, 0.5mm, da 0.35mm sannan a shafa shi a rufe don yin sa. Nau'in nau'in ƙwayarsa yana warwatse sosai, kuma yana da halaye iri ɗaya na maganadisu a kowane bangare.
Karfe mai siffar silicon mai siffar silicon yana da ƙarfin ƙarfin maganadisu da ƙarancin asara a cikin alkiblar maganadisu mai sauƙin maganadisu, wanda ya cika buƙatun ƙarfin maganadisu na kayan aiki masu ƙarfi kamar masu canza wutar lantarki. Matsakaicin kusurwar karkacewar maganadisu na ƙarfe mai siffar silicon mai siffar silicon (CGO) yana da kusan 7 °, kuma ƙimar ƙarfin maganadisu mai girman B8 yana sama da 1.82Tesla; Matsakaicin kusurwar karkacewar maganadisu na ƙarfe mai girman maganadisu (Hi-B) yana da kusan 3 °, kuma ƙimar B8 tana sama da 1.90 Tesla.
ƙarfe mara tsari
Amorphous gami wani abu ne mai aiki na ƙarfe wanda ƙwayoyin halitta ke rarrabawa bazuwar a cikin matrix na kayan, yana da abun da ke cikin "gilashi". Amorphous gami na yau da kullun yana ɗauke da kashi 80% na ƙarfe, sauran abubuwan da suka rage sune boron da silicon. Wannan kayan yana da halaye na ƙarfin magnetic mai yawa (1.54T), ƙarfin magnetic mai yawa, ƙarancin wutar lantarki, da ƙarancin asarar ƙarfe.
Asarar ƙarfe na ƙarfe mai amorphous da aka yi da ƙarfe shine kashi ɗaya bisa uku zuwa kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na zanen ƙarfe na silicon da aka yi da aka yi da aka yi da aka yi da ƙarfe, wanda ke rage asarar rashin kaya na masu canza ƙarfe mai amorphous da kashi 70 zuwa 80% idan aka kwatanta da masu canza ƙarfe na silicon na gargajiya. Yawan kwararar maganadisu mai cikewa na ƙarfe mai amorphous yana da ƙasa kaɗan (kimanin 1.5T), don haka yawan kwararar maganadisu da aka yi da aka yi da ƙarfe gabaɗaya ana zaɓar shi azaman 1.3-1.4T.
Kauri na layin ƙarfe mai siffar amorphous siriri ne sosai, 0.03mm kawai, wanda ke haifar da daidaiton lamination na kusan kashi 80% kawai ga tsakiyar ƙarfe mai siffar amorphous. Duk da cewa ƙarfe mai siffar amorphous yana da ƙarancin nauyi fiye da zanen ƙarfe na silicon, nauyin tsakiyar ƙarfe har yanzu yana da nauyi sosai.
Tsarin tsarin tsakiya
Tsarin tsarin tsakiya na transformer shi ma ya sami gagarumin ci gaba. Tun daga farkon tsakiyar ƙarfe mai laminated, zuwa tsakiyar ƙarfe mai siffar C, sannan zuwa tsakiyar ƙarfe mai siffar zobe (mai naɗewa) kowace tsari tana da nata halaye da fa'idodi.
Ana yin tsakiyar ƙarfe mai zagaye ta hanyar amfani da sandunan ƙarfe na silicon, kamar maɓuɓɓugar agogo mai ɗaurewa. Wannan nau'in tsakiyar ƙarfe yana da da'irar maganadisu mai ci gaba ba tare da gibin iska ba, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin juriya ga maganadisu da ingantaccen aiki. Idan aka kwatanta da na'urorin canza wutar lantarki masu laminated waɗanda ke da irin wannan ƙarfin, na'urorin canza wutar lantarki masu toroidal suna da fa'idodin ƙaramin girma, nauyi mai sauƙi, da ƙarancin zubar da maganadisu.
Ga masu canza wutar lantarki marasa tsari, saboda wahalar yanke kayansu, yawanci ana tsara su ne a matsayin tsarin ƙarfe mai naɗewa. Tsarin tsakiya na mai canza wutar lantarki mai matakai ɗaya firam ne, yayin da tsarin tsakiya na mai canza wutar lantarki mai matakai uku ana samar da shi ta hanyar haɗa firam huɗu zuwa tsari mai kama da tsarin ginshiƙi mai matakai uku biyar. Wannan tsarin yana ba da damar sanya kowane naɗaɗɗen lokaci a kan firam biyu masu zaman kansu na da'irar maganadisu, wanda hakan ke kawar da tasirin kwararar maganadisu ta uku mai jituwa.
Tsarin kera kayan ƙarfe na tsakiya
Tsarin kera zanen ƙarfe na silicon yana da sarkakiya, musamman zanen ƙarfe na silicon. Tsarin samar da shi yana da sarkakiya, tsarin aikin yana da kunkuntar, kuma wahalar samarwa tana da yawa. An san shi da "aikin hannu na kayayyakin ƙarfe".
Tsarin kera zanen ƙarfe na silicon mai sanyi wanda ba a daidaita shi ba yawanci ya haɗa da: billet ɗin ƙarfe mai zafi ko ci gaba da jefa billet cikin na'urori masu kauri kusan 2.3mm, sannan sai a wanke acid, birgima a sanyi, a rufe shi, da kuma tsarin rufe fim ɗin rufi. Ga samfuran silicon masu yawan gaske, ya zama dole a fara daidaita su a zafin 800-850 ℃ bayan birgima mai zafi, sannan a wanke acid, a mirgina sanyi zuwa wani kauri, a rufe shi, sannan a mirgina sanyi a ƙaramin ƙimar raguwa, sannan a rufe shi da ƙarshe.
Hanya mafi yawan amfani da ita wajen samar da ƙarfe marasa tsari ita ce a fesa tururin ƙarfe mai narkewa a kan firam ɗin jan ƙarfe mai juyawa mai sauri, sannan a sanyaya ƙarfen da aka narke ya kuma taurare shi zuwa siririn haƙarƙari a saurin 106 ℃/s. Dole ne a rage matsin lamba na ciki da aka samu ta hanyar kashewa ta hanyar rage zafi tsakanin 200 ℃ da 280 ℃ don samun kyawawan halayen maganadisu.
Amfanin adana makamashi na kayan ƙarfe
Na'urorin canza wutar lantarki suna da yawa kuma suna da babban ƙarfin aiki a tsarin wutar lantarki, wanda ke haifar da asara mai yawa. An kiyasta cewa jimillar asarar na'urorin canza wutar lantarki a China ya kai kusan kashi 10% na samar da wutar lantarki a tsarin. Kowace raguwar asarar kashi 1% na iya adana biliyoyin sa'o'in kilowatt na wutar lantarki a kowace shekara.
Masu canza wutar lantarki na ƙarfe mai siffar amorphous suna da tasirin adana makamashi mai mahimmanci. Rashin ɗaukar nauyin masu canza wutar lantarki na SH12 amorphous alloy core transformers ya ragu da kusan kashi 75% idan aka kwatanta da masu canza wutar lantarki na silicon steel S9. Duk da cewa masu canza wutar lantarki mai siffar amorphous alloy sun fi tsada fiye da masu canza wutar lantarki na gargajiya, farashin aikinsu yana da ƙasa sosai, kuma lokacin saka hannun jari gabaɗaya yana tsakanin shekaru 2-5.
Yankunan da suka ci gaba a fannin tattalin arziki waɗanda lardunan Shanghai, Jiangsu, da Zhejiang suka wakilta sun rungumi na'urorin canza wutar lantarki marasa tsari a manyan fannoni. Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Jiangsu ma yana shirin shigar da sabbin layuka da aka gyara a nan gaba, kuma amfani da na'urorin canza wutar lantarki marasa tsari ba zai gaza kashi 30% ba.
Yanayin ci gaban kayan ƙarfe
Kayan ƙarfe na ci gaba da haɓaka zuwa ƙarancin asarar ƙarfe da kuma babban shigar da maganadisu. Ga zanen ƙarfe na silicon, gami da ƙarfe na silicon mara daidaituwa don ƙarancin asarar ƙarfe don injunan inganci masu ƙarfi, siraran ƙayyadaddun bayanai na ƙarancin asarar ƙarfe mai ƙarfin shigar da maganadisu mai ƙarfi, da kuma ƙarfe mai ƙarfi na silicon don kayan lantarki masu matsakaicin mita da yawa waɗanda ke adana makamashi.
Babban ƙarfen silicon (Si Fe gami da 4.5% ~ 6.7% Si) yana da halaye na rage asarar ƙarfe sosai a manyan mitoci, ƙarfin maganadisu mai yawa, da ƙarancin ƙarfi. Amma yawan sinadarin Si yana da yawa, kuma ƙarfinsa ba shi da kyau sosai a zafin ɗaki, wanda hakan ke sa ya yi wuya a naɗe shi da kuma samar da shi. A halin yanzu, kayan ƙarfen Si Fe marasa daidaituwa 6.5% galibi ana shirya su ne ta hanyar tsarin shigar silicon.
Kayan da aka gyara na Nano da kayan da aka yi amfani da su a fannin halittu suma suna ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin ci gaba a nan gaba. Tare da ƙaruwar buƙatar kare muhalli, haɓaka kayan ƙarfe marasa guba, waɗanda za a iya lalata su, ko kuma waɗanda za a iya sake amfani da su za su zama muhimmin alkiblar bincike.
Kammalawa
Juyin halittar kayan transformer core ya shaida cikakken haɗin kimiyya da injiniyan lantarki. Daga ƙarfe na carbon na yau da kullun zuwa zanen ƙarfe na silicon, sannan zuwa ƙarfe marasa tsari, kowace nasarar kayan aiki ta inganta matakin ingantaccen makamashi na transformers sosai.
A duniyar yau inda kiyaye makamashi da rage fitar da hayaki suka zama yarjejeniya ta duniya baki daya, zabar ingantattun kayan ƙarfe ba wai kawai yana da alaƙa da fa'idodin tattalin arziki ba ne, har ma da alhakin muhalli. A nan gaba, tare da ci gaba da bullowar sabbin kayayyaki da hanyoyin aiki, ƙwayoyin transformer za su ci gaba da haɓaka zuwa ƙananan asara da ingantaccen aiki, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga gina tsarin makamashi mai kore da ƙarancin carbon.
Lokacin Saƙo: Agusta-29-2025
